Industrial demand - Revision history

Marta Victoria: /* Non-metallic mineral products (Cement, Ceramics, Glass) */

2019-02-18T17:00:19Z

‎Non-metallic mineral products (Cement, Ceramics, Glass)

Marta Victoria: /* Non-Ferrous Metals */

2019-02-18T16:59:26Z

‎Non-Ferrous Metals

Marta Victoria: /* Iron and steel */

2019-02-18T16:58:57Z

‎Iron and steel

Marta Victoria: /* Overview */

2019-02-18T16:57:24Z

‎Overview

Marta Victoria: /* Process heat */

2019-02-18T16:43:44Z

‎Process heat

Marta Victoria: /* Studies */

2019-02-18T16:22:24Z

‎Studies

Marta Victoria: /* Overview */

2019-02-18T16:18:51Z

‎Overview

Marta Victoria: /* Pulp and paper */

2019-02-18T16:18:34Z

‎Pulp and paper

Marta Victoria: /* Non-metallic mineral products (Cement, Ceramics, Glass) */

2019-02-18T16:17:27Z

‎Non-metallic mineral products (Cement, Ceramics, Glass)

Marta Victoria: /* */

2019-02-18T16:17:05Z

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 There are two routes to produce aluminium. In the primary route, alumina is produced from bauxite (aluminium ore) and transformed into aluminium. Both processes are energy intensive. In the secondary route, scrap aluminium is remelted and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are drastically reduced.
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 Carbon Capture and Utilization/Storage is another strategy to reduced cement emissions (see [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619302185 Farfan et al. 2019]).
 Concrete also [http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/11/cement-soaks-greenhouse-gases absorbs CO2 from air].
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 == Non-Ferrous Metals ==
-There are two routes to produce aluminium. In the primary route, alumina is produced from bauxite (aluminium ore) and transformed into aluminium. Both processes are energy intensive. In the secondary route, scrap aluminium is remelted and CO2 emissions are drastically reduced.
+There are two routes to produce aluminium. In the primary route, alumina is produced from bauxite (aluminium ore) and transformed into aluminium. Both processes are energy intensive. In the secondary route, scrap aluminium is remelted and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions are drastically reduced.
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 = By sector =
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 The Acerlor Mittal factory in Hamburg uses methane, instead of coke, to reduce the iron.
-The possibility of reducing iron ore with hydrogen instead of coke being explored in [https://www.h2future-project.eu/ H2Future], [https://www.ssab.com/company/sustainability/sustainable-operations/hybrit HYBRIT] and [https://salcos.salzgitter-ag.com/en/index.html?no_cache=1 SALCOS] projects.
+The possibility of reducing iron ore with hydrogen, instead of coke, is being explored in [https://www.h2future-project.eu/ H2Future], [https://www.ssab.com/company/sustainability/sustainable-operations/hybrit HYBRIT] and [https://salcos.salzgitter-ag.com/en/index.html?no_cache=1 SALCOS] projects.
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 Industrial energy use and emissions also have a knock-on effect on life cycle analysis (LCA) of technologies in the rest of the energy sector.
-Circular economy practices have the potential of achieving significant CO2 reductions in the industry, e.g. recycling avoids the need for virgin materials and the emissions associated with its manufacturing.
+Circular economy practices have the potential of achieving significant CO<sub>2</sub> reductions in the industry, e.g. recycling avoids the need for virgin materials and the emissions associated with its manufacturing.
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 = Process heat =
-Industrial processes often need heat. This heat can be categorised by temperature, e.g. low (below 100 C), medium (100-400 C) and high (above 400 C).
+Industrial processes often need heat. This heat can be categorised by temperature, e.g. low (below 100 C), medium (100-500 C) and high (above 500 C).
 For the EU, low-temperature heat represents roughly 25%, mid-temperature, 30% and high-temperature 45%. The following references provide temperature-resolved process heat statistics for the EU.&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 0.85em;">( </span>[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12053-017-9571-y Rehfeldt et al. 2018], [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/er.3436 Naegler et al. 2015])<span style="font-size: 11.56px;">.</span>
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 = By sector =

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 The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_liquor black liquor] obtained as waste product when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp can be gasified to obtain syngas.
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-[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter10.pdf IPCC 5th Assessment Report on Mitigation (Working Group III) in Industry (Chapter 10)]
+*[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg3/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter10.pdf IPCC 5th Assessment Report on Mitigation (Working Group III) in Industry (Chapter 10)]
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-[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2018-07-16_climate-change_19-2018_ets-7_analyse-minderungspotenzialstudien_fin.pdf Comparative analysis of options and potential for emission abatement in industry – summary of study comparison and study factsheets], Fraunhofer Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung,
+*[https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/2018-07-16_climate-change_19-2018_ets-7_analyse-minderungspotenzialstudien_fin.pdf Comparative analysis of options and potential for emission abatement in industry – summary of study comparison and study factsheets], Fraunhofer Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung,
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-[https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/docs/pages/com_2018_733_analysis_in_support_en_0.pdf In-depth analysis in support of the Commission communication COM(2018) 773, A Clean Planet for all. A Europea long-term strategic vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy]
+*[https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/docs/pages/com_2018_733_analysis_in_support_en_0.pdf In-depth analysis in support of the Commission communication COM(2018) 773, A Clean Planet for all. A Europea long-term strategic vision for a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy]
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-[https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/1_EN_autre_document_travail_service_part1_v6_0.pdf Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on an EU Strategy for Heating and Cooling]
+*[https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/1_EN_autre_document_travail_service_part1_v6_0.pdf Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on an EU Strategy for Heating and Cooling]
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-[https://media.sitra.fi/2018/06/12132041/the-circular-economy-a-powerful-force-for-climate-mitigation.pdf The Circular Economy. Transformative innovation for prosperous and low-carbon industry], Material Economics&nbsp;
+*[https://media.sitra.fi/2018/06/12132041/the-circular-economy-a-powerful-force-for-climate-mitigation.pdf The Circular Economy. Transformative innovation for prosperous and low-carbon industry], Material Economics&nbsp;
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-[http://www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/ETC_MissionPossible_FullReport.pdf Mission Possible. Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors by mid-century,] Energy Transitions Commission
+*[http://www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/ETC_MissionPossible_FullReport.pdf Mission Possible. Reaching net-zero carbon emissions from harder-to-abate sectors by mid-century,] Energy Transitions Commission
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 = Overview =
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 = Data =

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 == Pulp and paper ==
 = Studies =

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