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| | Technically it can be very flexible and smooth out variable production of wind and solar, so for future scenarios with high RES, it’s important to get right. | | Technically it can be very flexible and smooth out variable production of wind and solar, so for future scenarios with high RES, it’s important to get right. |
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| − | For market models hydro in the Alps and Scandinavia can have a big influence on market prices, which is hard to capture. | + | For market models hydro dispatch strategy can have a big influence on market prices (e.g. in the Alps and Scandinavia), which is hard to capture. |
| | | | |
| | There are different types of hydroelectric plants: | | There are different types of hydroelectric plants: |
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| | *Although it has low marginal cost, the storage allows dispatch to be time-shifted, which makes optimal dispatch strategies complicated | | *Although it has low marginal cost, the storage allows dispatch to be time-shifted, which makes optimal dispatch strategies complicated |
| | *Plants on rivers can be chained, so that the inflow depends on the output of power plants upstream | | *Plants on rivers can be chained, so that the inflow depends on the output of power plants upstream |
| − | *Hydro availability varies year-by-year (e.g. there are dry and wet years in Scandinavia) | + | *Hydro inflow varies year-by-year (e.g. there are dry and wet years in Scandinavia) |
| | *Modelling inflow from weather data is non-trivial: need to model precipitation, runoff, evaporation, snow melt, etc. | | *Modelling inflow from weather data is non-trivial: need to model precipitation, runoff, evaporation, snow melt, etc. |
| − | *Water in resevoirs is tapped for other purposes, e.g. irrigation. | + | *Water in reservoirs is tapped for other purposes, e.g. irrigation. |
| − | *There are other constraints, such as maintaining navigability on rivers, fish ladders, water levels for recreation, etc. | + | *There are other constraints, such as maintaining navigability on rivers, fish ladders, water levels for recreation, water cooling for thermal power plants, etc. |
| | | | |
| | = Hydroelectric modelling = | | = Hydroelectric modelling = |
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| | A. J. Wood, B. F. Wollenberg, and G. B. Sheblé, "Power Generation, Operation and Control," New York: John Wiley & Sons, Third Edition, 2014. | | A. J. Wood, B. F. Wollenberg, and G. B. Sheblé, "Power Generation, Operation and Control," New York: John Wiley & Sons, Third Edition, 2014. |
| | | | |
| − | <br/> | + | ==== Hydroelectric Models ==== |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://grass.osgeo.org/grass70/manuals/addons/r.green.hydro.html r.green.hydro] |
| | + | <ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Who: Eurac Research, Bolzano</span></li> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">What: Takes discharge raster map of river and computes hydropower potential considering different limits (e.g. theoretical, recommended, legal, technical, ecological and economic constraints)</span></li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://github.com/JamesSample/simple_hydropower_model Simple_hydropower_model] |
| | + | <ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Who: James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen</span></li> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">What: Estimates the potential impacts of climate change on Scotland's run-of-river hydropower potential</span></li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://www.osemosys.org/ OSeMOSYS]<span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline"></span><br/> |
| | + | <ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Who: <span id="docs-internal-guid-58165322-42e9-9cb0-b057-5ba305f24f04" style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">OSeMOSYS community</span></span></li> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">What: in energy modelling it takes into account hydro power plants, hydro storage and cascade</span></li> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Missing: modelling of floods; Evapo-transpiration losses in dams</span></li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | ==== Discharge Models ==== |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://www.weap21.org/ WEAP]<span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Water Evaluation and Planning</span> |
| | + | <ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Who: Stockholm Environment Institute</span></li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | <ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">What: Tool for water ressource planning</span></li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://hypecode.smhi.se/ HYPE] |
| | + | <ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Who: Swedish Metereological and Hydrological Institute</span></li> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">What: Water ressource modeling</span></li> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Water losses by evaporation</span></li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://www.progea.net/prodotti.php?p=TOPKAPI&lin=inglese TOPKAPI-ETH] |
| | + | <ul style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">Who: ETH Zurich</span></li> |
| | + | <li><span style="font-size:14.666666666666666px; font-family:Arial; color:#000000; background-color:transparent; font-weight:400; font-style:normal; font-variant:normal; text-decoration:none; vertical-align:baseline">What: High resolution, distributed, physically-based hydrological model (purpose: find optimized policies for reservoirs management)</span></li> |
| | + | </ul> |
| | | | |
| | = Hydroelectric power plant static data = | | = Hydroelectric power plant static data = |
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| | *Inflow time series | | *Inflow time series |
| | *Legal restrictions on flow levels (maintaining enough water for nature) | | *Legal restrictions on flow levels (maintaining enough water for nature) |
| − | *minimal resevoir level | + | *minimal reservoir level |
| | *(black start reserves - capacity reserves) | | *(black start reserves - capacity reserves) |
| | *Pumped storage efficiency | | *Pumped storage efficiency |
| | *Chaining run-of-river | | *Chaining run-of-river |
| | *Some reservoirs have several outlets | | *Some reservoirs have several outlets |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | == Global datasets == |
| | + | |
| | + | === Wikipedia list of hydro stations > 1000 MW === |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations List of conventional hydroelectric power stations] |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations List of largest hydroelectric power stations] |
| | + | |
| | + | === Wikipedia list of pumped hydro stations > 1000 MW === |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pumped-storage_hydroelectric_power_stations Wikipedia List of pumped storage hydro stations] (greater than 1000 MW) |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/><br/> |
| | | | |
| | == European datasets == | | == European datasets == |
| | + | |
| | + | === ENTSO-E per country capacities === |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://www.entsoe.eu/db-query/miscellaneous/net-generating-capacity https://www.entsoe.eu/db-query/miscellaneous/net-generating-capacity] has hydro capacities for each country for each year. For some years (e.g. 2010) they are also split by 'storage', 'run of river' and 'pumped storage'. |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://www.entsoe.eu/publications/statistics/yearly-statistics-and-adequacy-retrospect/Pages/default.aspx 2013 Yearly Statistics and Adequacy Retrospect]: Capacities are split per country per month of 2013 for Hydro renewable/non-renewable. Non-renewable here means pumped storage. |
| | + | |
| | + | The [https://transparency.entsoe.eu/ ENTSO-E Transparency Platform] has data but crashes all the time. |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | === Eurelectric statistics === | | === Eurelectric statistics === |
| | | | |
| − | http://www.eurelectric.org/powerstats2013/ | + | [http://www.eurelectric.org/powerstats2013/ http://www.eurelectric.org/powerstats2013/] |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://www.eurelectric.org/hydro-factsheets http://www.eurelectric.org/hydro-factsheets] |
| | | | |
| − | http://www.eurelectric.org/hydro-factsheets
| |
| | | | |
| | === Renpass for Norway and Germany === | | === Renpass for Norway and Germany === |
| | | | |
| − | http://renpass.eu/files/public-docs/renpass_installation/
| + | https://github.com/fraukewiese/renpass/tree/master/databases |
| | | | |
| − | SQL database of hydroelectric power plants (storage and run of river) in Norway and Germany. | + | SQL database of hydroelectric power plants (storage and run of river) in Norway and Germany. See the manual for explanations how data is ordered. |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| − | === Swiss data ===
| |
| | | | |
| | + | === Swiss data === |
| | | | |
| − | Swiss Federal Office of Energy: | + | Swiss Federal Office of Energy: Yearly Hydropower statistic for Switzerland: |
| − | Yearly Hydropower statistic for Switzerland: | + | |
| | | | |
| − | http://www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00490/00491/index.html?lang=en&dossier_id=01049 | + | [http://www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00490/00491/index.html?lang=en&dossier_id=01049 http://www.bfe.admin.ch/themen/00490/00491/index.html?lang=en&dossier_id=01049] |
| | | | |
| | Geographic information on Hydropower in Switzerland: | | Geographic information on Hydropower in Switzerland: |
| | | | |
| − | http://www.bfe-gis.admin.ch/storymaps/WK_WASTA/index.php?lang=de | + | [http://www.bfe-gis.admin.ch/storymaps/WK_WASTA/index.php?lang=de http://www.bfe-gis.admin.ch/storymaps/WK_WASTA/index.php?lang=de] |
| | | | |
| | Swiss Federal Office of Environment Runoff data for Switzerland: | | Swiss Federal Office of Environment Runoff data for Switzerland: |
| | | | |
| − | http://www.bafu.admin.ch/wasser/13462/13496/15016/index.html?lang=en | + | [http://www.bafu.admin.ch/wasser/13462/13496/15016/index.html?lang=en http://www.bafu.admin.ch/wasser/13462/13496/15016/index.html?lang=en] |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | + | |
| | + | === Wikipedia per-country European capacities === |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Wasserkraftwerken_in_Deutschland Germany] |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Wasserkraftwerken_in_der_Schweiz Switzerland] (not complete) |
| | + | |
| | + | === Assessments of existing and potential future pumped hydro power and energy in Europe === |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115007923 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115007923] |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032109002779 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032109002779] |
| | | | |
| | = Hydroelectric inflow time series data = | | = Hydroelectric inflow time series data = |
| | | | |
| − | == Deriving time series from weather data == | + | == Deriving inflow time series from weather data == |
| | | | |
| − | Inflow time series can in principle be derived if precipitation, run-off, temperature for snow melt, transpiration, ground height and orientation, and other water uses are all known. | + | Inflow time series and other hydrological data can in principle be derived if precipitation, run-off, temperature for snow melt, transpiration, ground absorption, lakes, reservoirs, ground height and ground slope, and other water uses (irrigation/livestock/households/manufacturing/thermal power stations) are all known. |
| | | | |
| − | Reanalysis datasets such as the [http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds094.1/ CFSR] contain data on | + | Drainage basins can be calculated to see where the runoff water goes. |
| − | runoff, precipitable water, precipitation rate. | + | |
| | + | Reanalysis datasets such as the [http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds094.1/ CFSR] contain data on runoff, precipitable water, precipitation rate. |
| | + | |
| | + | See a [http://www.eu-watch.org/ comparison of hydrological models] from 2011. |
| | + | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | == Global datasets == | | == Global datasets == |
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| | === Global Runoff Data Centre === | | === Global Runoff Data Centre === |
| | | | |
| − | The [http://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/Home/homepage_node.html Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC)] has | + | The [http://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/Home/homepage_node.html Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC)] has measured daily average discharge data for 7362 measurement stations worldwide. |
| − | measured daily average discharge data for 7362 measurement stations worldwide. | + | |
| | | | |
| | Used in [http://elib.dlr.de/77976/ Yvonne Scholz PhD thesis], 2012. | | Used in [http://elib.dlr.de/77976/ Yvonne Scholz PhD thesis], 2012. |
| | | | |
| | + | <br/> |
| | | | |
| | === WaterGAP === | | === WaterGAP === |
| | | | |
| | + | WaterGAP (Water Global Assessment and Prognosis) is a global fresh water resource model, which models both hydrology and the usage of water in five sectors (irrigation, livestock, households, manufacturing and cooling of thermal power plants). |
| | + | |
| | + | All computations are done with a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution of 0.5° geographical latitude × 0.5° geographical longitude, which is equivalent to 55 km × 55 km at the equator. |
| | + | |
| | + | Currently the years 1901 to 2010 are covered; more recent years will be updated soon (as of 2016). |
| | + | |
| | + | River discharge is available for run-of-river power plants and inflow to storage reservoirs. |
| | + | |
| | + | The model has been developed by University of Kassel (Germany) since 1996, and since 2003 also at the University of Frankfurt (Germany). |
| | + | |
| | + | The model output is calibrated and validated against long term annual river discharge from the GRDC [http://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/Home/homepage_node.html Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC)], among other sources. |
| | + | |
| | + | The most recent paper describing the model (esp. in the appendix) is Müller Schmied, H., Eisner, S., Franz, D., Wattenbach, M., Portmann, F. T., Flörke, M., and Döll, P.: "Sensitivity of simulated global-scale freshwater fluxes and storages to input data, hydrological model structure, human water use and calibration," Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3511-3538, [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/18/3511/2014/hess-18-3511-2014.html doi:10.5194/hess-18-3511-2014], 2014. |
| | + | |
| | + | The source code is not free software, nor is it available for download. |
| | + | |
| | + | Datasets are available on request to researchers. |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaterGAP Wikipedia: WaterGAP] |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://watergap.de/ WaterGAP] |
| | + | |
| | + | [https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/45218063/WaterGAP https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/45218063/WaterGAP] |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/input-data-to-watergap-model-4 http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/input-data-to-watergap-model-4] |
| | + | |
| | + | Used in [https://kobra.bibliothek.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/urn:nbn:de:hebis:34-200604119596/1/DissVersion0502.pdf Gregor Czisch PhD thesis], 2006 and in [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421503003112 The impact of global change on the hydropower potential of Europe: a model-based analysis], 2005. |
| | + | |
| | + | == European datasets == |
| | + | |
| | + | === List of datasets at Open Power Systems Data project === |
| | + | |
| | + | [http://open-power-system-data.org/data-sources#Hydro_power_data http://open-power-system-data.org/data-sources#Hydro_power_data] |
| | | | |
| − | Global water resource modelling at high spatial/temporal resolution.
| + | === Inflow in Austria === |
| | | | |
| − | http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/input-data-to-watergap-model-4 | + | [http://ehyd.gv.at/ http://ehyd.gv.at/] |
| | | | |
| − | https://www.uni-frankfurt.de/45218063/WaterGAP
| + | === Inflow in Bavaria, Germany === |
| | | | |
| − | Used in Gregor Czisch PhD thesis, 2006.
| + | [http://www.gkd.bayern.de/fluesse/abfluss/karten/index.php?gknr=0&thema=gkd&rubrik=fluesse&produkt=abfluss&sp=en Inflow in Bavaria] from the [http://www.gkd.bayern.de/index.php Bavarian Hydrological Service] |
Hydroelectricity is still the dominant source of renewable electricity in many countries (around 17% share of European electricity, if you include Norway and Switzerland).
Technically it can be very flexible and smooth out variable production of wind and solar, so for future scenarios with high RES, it’s important to get right.
For market models hydro dispatch strategy can have a big influence on market prices (e.g. in the Alps and Scandinavia), which is hard to capture.
In a linear programming setup, hydroelectric dams can be modelled as storage units with state of charge limits, set inflow, controllable spillage and optional pumping.
The chaining of run-of-river plants, multiple turbines fed from the same reservoir, can all be modelled too.
A. J. Wood, B. F. Wollenberg, and G. B. Sheblé, "Power Generation, Operation and Control," New York: John Wiley & Sons, Third Edition, 2014.
SQL database of hydroelectric power plants (storage and run of river) in Norway and Germany. See the manual for explanations how data is ordered.
Inflow time series and other hydrological data can in principle be derived if precipitation, run-off, temperature for snow melt, transpiration, ground absorption, lakes, reservoirs, ground height and ground slope, and other water uses (irrigation/livestock/households/manufacturing/thermal power stations) are all known.
WaterGAP (Water Global Assessment and Prognosis) is a global fresh water resource model, which models both hydrology and the usage of water in five sectors (irrigation, livestock, households, manufacturing and cooling of thermal power plants).
All computations are done with a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution of 0.5° geographical latitude × 0.5° geographical longitude, which is equivalent to 55 km × 55 km at the equator.
Currently the years 1901 to 2010 are covered; more recent years will be updated soon (as of 2016).
River discharge is available for run-of-river power plants and inflow to storage reservoirs.
The model has been developed by University of Kassel (Germany) since 1996, and since 2003 also at the University of Frankfurt (Germany).
The model output is calibrated and validated against long term annual river discharge from the GRDC Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), among other sources.
The most recent paper describing the model (esp. in the appendix) is Müller Schmied, H., Eisner, S., Franz, D., Wattenbach, M., Portmann, F. T., Flörke, M., and Döll, P.: "Sensitivity of simulated global-scale freshwater fluxes and storages to input data, hydrological model structure, human water use and calibration," Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3511-3538, doi:10.5194/hess-18-3511-2014, 2014.
