Showing 25 pages using this property.
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| Absorption + | 1. Absorption of electromagnetic radiation is a part of physic. It discribes the way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter. The electromagnetic energy is transformed into internal energy of the absorber, for example thermal energy., 2. The intensity of a beam of electromagnetic radiation is attenuated in passing through a material medium by conversion of the energy of the radiation to an equivalent amount of energy which appears within the medium. The radiant energy is converted into heat or some other form of molecular energy. |
| Accounting framework + | Accounting frameworks determine different framework assupmtions in order to describe and differentiate between energy indicators. Ther are often used with regard to setting up energy balances to avoid double counting. Besides that, they can also be used to describe a progress in energy efficiency or to enable carbon dioxide savings. |
| Adjustable System Coefficients + | Parameter which describes the system but can be adjusted within the scenario definition |
| Adjustable external parameter + | Dimension which affects the system and which is adjusted within the scenario definition. |
| Agent-based model + | 1. Class of computational models for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents (both individual or collective entities such as organizations or groups) with a view to assessing their effects on the system as a whole, 2. Combines elements of game theory, complex systems, emergence, computational sociology, multi-agent systems, and evolutionary programming (BM), 3. Used in the energy industry to replicate the behaviour of the market participants at the electricty market. |
| Air Source Heat Pump + | 1. A heat pump which transfers thermal energy from outside to inside a building, or vice versa., 2. A heat pump's refrigeration system consists of a compressor and two coils made of copper tubing (one indoors and one outside), which are surrounded by aluminum fins to aid heat transfer. In heating mode, liquid refrigerant in the outside coils extracts heat from the air and evaporates into a gas. The indoor coils release heat from the refrigerant as it condenses back into a liquid. A reversing valve, near the compressor, can change the direction of the refrigerant flow for cooling as well as for defrosting the outdoor coils in winter. |
| Air mass coefficient + | The Air mass coefficient (AM) describes the thickness of the atmosphere. The light radiation has to penetrate different layers of the atmosphere before hitting the earth's surface, depending on the sun's posiotion. The measured value depicts the relation between the path of light and the shortes way through the atmosphere., An AM of 1 defines a vertical entry of radiation in the atmosphere and a vertical impingement on the earth's surface. The lower the sun is, the longer is the path of light through the atmosphere. During that process certain wavelengths of the light spectrum are mitigated through interaction with air molecules. This has a negative impact on the power of solar plants., The standard test conditions of photovoltaic plants state an AM of 1,5. The measured value above the atmosphere is 0. |
| Albedo + | 1. Albedo is the fraction of solar energy (shortwave radiation) reflected from the Earth back into space. It is a measure of the reflectivity of the earth's surface., 2. Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface. The albedo effect when applied to the Earth is a measure of how much of the Sun's energy is reflected back into space. |
| Albedo-Value + | 1. The albedo-value is used to consider the environmental parameters when calculating the radiation on an inclined plane. It grows with an increasing reflectivity of the sourounding sourface., 2. Albedo is a non-dimensional, unitless quantity that indicates how well a surface reflects solar energy. Albedo varies between 0 and 1. Albedo commonly refers to the "whiteness" of a surface, with 0 meaning black and 1 meaning white. A value of 0 means the surface is a "perfect absorber" that absorbs all incoming energy. Absorbed solar energy can be used to heat the surface or, when sea ice is present, melt the surface. A value of 1 means the surface is a "perfect reflector" that reflects all incoming energy. |
| Alternating Current + | 1. Alternating current (AC), is an electric current which periodically reverses direction, whereas direct current (DC) flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances, televisions and electric lamps into a wall socket. The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage., 2. Alternating Current (AC) is a type of electrical current, in which the direction of the flow of electrons switches back and forth at regular intervals or cycles. Current flowing in power lines and normal household electricity that comes from a wall outlet is alternating current. The standard current used in Europe and most other parts of the world it is 50 cycles per second (i.e. a frequency of 50 Hz.). |
| Amorphous silicon + | 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) is the non-crystalline form of silicon used for solar cells and thin-film transistors in LCD displays., 2. Amorphous silicon (a-Si), silicon in which some atoms in the structure remain unbonded, lacks long-range order, but can be produced, in principle, even more cheaply than multicrystalline silicon. |
| Angle of incidence + | 1. The angel of influence ist he difference in angle between the ray and the normal vector of the surface at the point of intersection., 2. The angel of influence describes the angle between a ray incident on a surface and the line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. |
| Array Orientation + | 1. Array orientation is an important input to any PV performance model calculation. Array orientation is usually described as either fixed tilt or tracked. A fixed tilt orientation is one that does not move. A tracked array’s orientation changes with time as the tracker moves the array in an attempt to reduce the angle of incidence between the sun and the array. There are a number of different types of trackers, which are defined by how they move. Array orientation is described by vectors of the array tilt angle and the array azimuth angle for each time interval in the calculation., 2. Installing modules in a sunny, shade-free spot and pointing them toward the sun could be considered common sense to many, but properly orienting and tilting your array for optimal performance is not as intuitive. A PV array’s output is proportional to the direct sunlight it receives. Even though PV modules produce some energy in a shady location or without ideal orientation, system costs are high enough that most will want to maximize energy yield. |
| Association + | 1. In object-oriented programming, association defines a relationship between classes of objects that allows one object instance to cause another to perform an action on its behalf. This relationship is structural, because it specifies that objects of one kind are connected to objects of another and does not represent behaviour., 2. An association determines how many tuples (records) of a table can be mapped to tuples (records) in another table., This element is used in a entity block diagram to describe the interactions and dependencies between two entities and their relationships to each other. |
| Attribute + | 1. In computing, an attribute is a specification that defines a property of an object, element, or file. It may also refer to or set the specific value for a given instance of such. For clarity, attributes should more correctly be considered metadata. An attribute is frequently and generally a property of a property. However, in actual usage, the term attribute can and is often treated as equivalent to a property depending on the technology being discussed. An attribute of an object usually consists of a name and a value; of an element, a type or class name; of a file, a name and extension., 2. An attribute is a property of a tuple and describes a property of an entity set. In a relational database model, an attribute is a column of a table., Each entity has a defined number of attributes (properties) which are clearly distinguished from other entities of the same entity type. |
| Azimut + | 1. An azimuth (from the pl. form of the Arabic noun "السَّمْت" as-samt, meaning "the direction") is an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system. The vector from an observer (origin) to a point of interest is projected perpendicularly onto a reference plane; the angle between the projected vector and a reference vector on the reference plane is called the azimuth., 2. The azimuth of a celestial body is the angle between the vertical plane containing it and the plane of the meridian. |
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| Backup + | 1. In information technology, a backup, or the process of backing up, refers to the copying and archiving of computer data so it may be used to restore the original after a data loss event. Backups have two distinct purposes. The primary purpose is to recover data after its loss, be it by data deletion or corruption. The secondary purpose of backups is to recover data from an earlier time, according to a user-defined data retention policy, typically configured within a backup application for how long copies of data are required., 2. In general, a backup is someone or something that provides support or help, in case the main plans, equipment etc. go wrong. In computing systems, a backup is a copy of information held on a computer that is stores separately. |
| Balance of Systems + | 1. It describes all components of a photovoltaic system with the exception of photovoltaic modules. These include cabling, switches, a mounting system, one or more solar inverters, batteries and charger., 2. Describes all secondary components for a stable photovoltaic system, apart from the solar modules and the inverters. Among the BoS are mainly the substructure, power cables and other necessary small parts for the installation of a on-roof or open-air solar installation. |
| Balancing groups + | 1. Balancing groups are virtual energy volume accounts that allow electricity market players to balance their actual feed-in and offtake within a control area., 2. Customers receive electricity supply in balancing groups. Balancing groups can withdraw and/or add capacity. The manager of a balancing group ensures that the balance of capacity in the balancing group is equal in every 15-minute period measured. This means balancing capacity for overall demand on the one hand and overall supply on the other. |
| Band gap + | 2. In solid-state physics, a band gap, also called an energy gap or bandgap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist. In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap generally refers to the energy difference (in electron volts) between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band in insulators and semiconductors. It is the energy required to promote a valence electron bound to an atom to become a conduction electron, which is free to move within the crystal lattice and serve as a charge carrier to conduct electric current. If the valence band is completely full and the conduction band is completely empty, then electrons cannot move in the solid; however, if some electrons transfer from the valence to the conduction band, then current can flow (see carrier generation and recombination). Therefore, the band gap is a major factor determining the electrical conductivity of a solid. Substances with large band gaps are generally insulators, those with smaller band gaps are semiconductors, while conductors either have very small band gaps or none, because the valence and conduction bands overlap. |
| Base load + | 1. The base load is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, for example, one week. Base load power sources are power stations which can economically generate the electrical power needed to satisfy this minimum demand., 2. Base load is the minimum level of electricity demand required over a period of 24 hours. It is needed to provide power to components that keep running at all times also referred as continuous load. |
| Basic Input/Output System + | 1. A BIOS is a small program that controls a personal computer's hardware from the time the computer is started until the main operating system (e.g., Linux, Mac OS X or MS-DOS) takes over., 2. BIOS is a type of firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup) on IBM PC compatible computers, and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs.BIOS firmware is built into personal computers (PCs),and it is the first software they run when powered on. |
| Battery capacity + | 1. The coulometric capacity, the total Amp-hours available when the battery is discharged at a certain discharge current (specified as a C-rate) from 100 percent state-of-charge to the cut-off voltage. Capacity is calculated by multiplying the discharge current (in Amps) by the discharge time (in hours) and decreases with increasing C-rate., 2. The battery capacity is a measure (typically in Amp-hr) of the charge stored by the battery and is determined by the mass of the active material contained in the battery. The battery capacity is the maximum amount of energy that can be removed from the battery under certain conditions. |
| Bifacial solar cell + | 1. The bifacial cell has an open backside, which enables collection of the substantial amount of reflected light available from the earth, rooftops, clouds and the atmosphere., 2. Bifacial solar cells have an open and active backside which enables collection of reflected light available from the earth, rooftops. |
| Big Data + | 1. Big data describes data stock which are to massive, to different or fast moving to use them with topical database or data-management-tools., 2. Big data are massive amounts of data from different realms, for example the internet, finance sector, energy industry, healthcare system or social media. All these data will be stored and used with special solutions. |
