Showing 25 pages using this property.
B | |
Biomass + | Biomass is a superterm of organic substances growing up naturally. Organic equals carbonaceous. Biomass can be divided in primary products and secondary products. Primary products are formed through photosynthesis, while secondary products are formed from decomposition or modification of organic substances. |
Black box + | 1. A black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs, without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque". Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain., 2. Device, process, or system, whose inputs and outputs (and the relationships between them) are known, but whose internal structure or working is not well, or at all, understood, not necessary to be understood for the job or purpose at hand, or not supposed to be known because of its confidential nature. |
Black box model + | A black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs, without any knowledge of its internal workings. Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain. The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box. |
Boolean + | 1. In computer science, the Boolean data type is a data type, having two values (usually denoted true and false), intended to represent the truth values of logic and Boolean algebra. It is named after George Boole, who first defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century. The Boolean data type is primarily associated with conditional statements, which allow different actions and change control flow depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition evaluates to true or false. It is a special case of a more general logical data type; logic need not always be Boolean., 2. Developed by the English mathematician and computer pioneer George Boole, a Boolean, bool, or Boolean expression is a value that is either TRUE or FALSE. |
Bottom-up approach + | 1. A bottom-up approach is the piecing together of systems to give rise to more complex systems, thus making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system. Bottom-up processing is a type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception. From a Cognitive Psychology perspective, information enters the eyes in one direction (sensory input, or the "bottom"), and is then turned into an image by the brain that can be interpreted and recognized as a perception (output that is "built up" from processing to final cognition). In a bottom-up approach the individual base elements of the system are first specified in great detail. These elements are then linked together to form larger subsystems, which then in turn are linked, sometimes in many levels, until a complete top-level system is formed. This strategy often resembles a "seed" model, whereby the beginnings are small but eventually grow in complexity and completeness. However, "organic strategies" may result in a tangle of elements and subsystems, developed in isolation and subject to local optimization as opposed to meeting a global purpose. |
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics + | 1. As the name suggests, it is the integration of Photovoltaics into the building envelope. Here the PV system provides two functions; it acts as the building skin and it produces electricity., 2. Building-integrated photovoltaics are photovoltaic materials or components that are used in place of traditional building components or materials, especially in building features such as facades, roofs or skylights, and provide solar power for the building. |
Busbar + | 1. In electric power distribution, a busbar is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally uninsulated, and have sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points without creating a new joint., 2. A busbar is an electrical conductor, maintained at a specific voltage and capable of carrying a high current, usually used to make a common connection between several circuits in a system. |
Bypass Diode + | 1. Bypass Diodes which in electronics are known as free-wheeling diodes, are wired in parallel with individual solar cells or panels, to provide a current path around them in the event that a cell or panel becomes faulty or open-circuited. This use of bypass diodes allows a string of connected cells or panels to continue supplying power at a reduced voltage rather than no power at all., 2. Current through a series of solar cells is limited by the resistance, or bias condition, of the “highest resistance” cell. When a cell is shaded, its resistance to the flow of current will increase. The increased resistance of even one cell will limit the overall current that the solar panel can provide to the battery bank. A bypass diode is necessary to avoid this potential inefficiency. Under normal operating conditions, the bypass diode is reversed biased and essentially “invisible” to the overall system. |
C | |
Cadmium telluride + | 1. Semiconductor, which is used in certain thin film solar modules., Newer materials (compound semiconductors), which are used instead of silicon for the production of thin film solar cells., 2. IT is a stable crystalline compound formedfrom cadmium and tellurium. It is mainly used as the semiconductingmaterial in cadmium telluride photovoltaics and an infrared optical window. It is usually sandwiched with cadmium sulfide to form a p-n junction solar PV cell. |
California Energy Commission efficiency + | 1. The California Energy Commission (CEC) efficiency is for climates of higher irradiation intensity corresponding to California climate like US south-west regions. It is a weighted efficiency, which obtained by assigning a percentage of time the inverter resides in a given operating range., 2. CEC efficiency are weighted efficiencies. In calculating them, the efficiency of an inverter at different spots within the operating range are taken into consideration and ‘balanced’ against each other depending on importance. For thevCEC efficiency, there are 6 efficiency points in the calculation., CEC Eff = 0.04 x Eff10% + 0.05 x Eff20% + 0.12 x Eff30% + 0.21 x Eff50% + 0.53 x Eff75%. + 0.05 x Eff100% |
Capacity Factor + | 1. The capacity factor is the ratio of the system's predicted electrical output in the first year of operation to the nameplate output, which is equivalent to the quantity of energy the system would generate if it operated at its nameplate capacity for every hour of the year. For PV systems, the capacity factor is an AC-to-DC value. For other systems, the capacity is an AC-to-AC value., 2. The net capacity factor is the unitless ratio of an actual electrical energy output over a given period of time to the maximum possible electrical energy output over the same amount of time |
Carbon Capture and Storage + | 1. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation., 2. Furthermore, the use of CCS with renewable biomass is one of the few carbon abatement technologies that can be used in a 'carbon-negative' mode – actually taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere., The CCS chain consists of three parts; capturing the carbon dioxide, transporting the carbon dioxide, and securely storing the carbon dioxide emissions, underground in depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifer formations., First, capture technologies allow the separation of carbon dioxide from gases produced in electricity generation and industrial processes by one of three methods: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion., Carbon dioxide is then transported by pipeline or by ship for safe storage. Millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide are already transported annually for commercial purposes by road tanker, ship and pipelines. The carbon dioxide is then stored in carefully selected geological rock formation that are typically located several kilometres below the earth's surface. |
Carbon dioxide + | 1. a colorless, odorless, incombustible gas, CO 2, present in the atmosphere and formed during respiration, usually obtained from coal, coke, or natural gas by combustion, from carbohydrates by fermentation, by reaction of acid with limestone or other carbonates, or naturally from springs: used extensively in industry as dry ice, or carbon dioxide snow, in carbonated beverages, fire extinguishers, etc., 2. Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound of carbon and oxygen and therefore belongs to the group of carbon oxides besides carbon monoxide, carbon suboxide and the unstable carbon trioxide. |
Carrier Generation and Recombination + | 1. Carrier generation is a process where electron-hole pairs are created by exciting an electron from the valence band of the semiconductor to the conduction band, thereby creating a hole in the valence band. Recombination is the reverse process where electrons and holes from the conduction respectively valence band recombine and are annihilated., 2. In the solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, LEDs and laser diodes. They are also critical to a full analysis of p-n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistors and p-n junction diodes., The electron–hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination, corresponding to an electron transitioning between the valence band and the conduction band where generation of electron is a transition from the valence band to the conduction band and recombination leads to a reverse transition. |
Cell efficiency + | 1. Solar cell efficiency refers to the portion of energy in the form of sunlight that can be converted via photovoltaics into electricity., 2. The Efficiency of any process is a measure of how well the process works.That is, how much effort you need to put in to get an out put. The input is energy from Sunlight, and the output is energy in electrons. |
Central inverter + | 1. Central inverters are large grid feeders and are often used in large photovoltaic systems, such as open-loop systems with a rated output of more than 100 kWp. In the normal case, central inverters feed three-phase into the grid., 2. In the case of a central inverter, all module strings are merged centrally. This is particularly useful when all PV modules are subject to similar conditions with respect to inclination and orientation. For this reason, central inverters are usually used in the case of larger roof systems or free-space systems in the format of a control cabinet or as a station in container construction. With a capacity of 100 to 1,200 kW, central inverters feed the generated solar power directly into the medium-voltage grid with a voltage of 20,000 volts. |
Cloud computing + | 1. Cloud computing describes the provision of IT infrastructure such as storage space, computing power, or application software as a service over the Internet., In a more technical sense, cloud computing describes the approach of providing IT infrastructures via a computer network without having to be installed on the local computer., 2. Cloud computing describes the provision of IT infrastructure and IT services such as storage space, computing power, or application software as a service over the Internet. |
Code + | 1. In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form or representation, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a channel or storage in a medium, 2. Code is a system of words, letters, orsigns used to represent a message insecret form, or a system of numbers,letters, or signals used to representsomething in a shorter or more convenientform |
Code Documentation + | Software documentation is written text or illustration that accompanies computer software or is embedded in the source code. It either explains how it operates or how to use it., Documentation is an important part of software engineering. |
Coefficient of performance + | 1. a constant that denotes the efficiency of a refrigerator, expressed as the amount of heat removed from a substance being refrigerated divided by the amount of work necessary to remove the heat., 2. A COP is a ratio that measures the amount of energy a heating/cooling appliance outputs to the amount it consumes. |
Combined Cooling Heating and Power + | 1. The simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heating and cooling from the combustion of a fuel or a solar heat collector., 2. Trigeneration or combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP), is the process by which some of the heat produced by a cogeneration plant is used to generate chilled water for air conditioning or refrigeration. An absorption chiller is linked to the combined heat and power (CHP) to provide this functionality., - reduced fuel and energy costs, - beneficial for improving building's energy efficiency ratings, - lower electrical usage during peak summer demand, - engine heat can be used to produce steam of hot water for onsite use, - significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, - no harmful chemical pollutants since water is used as the refrigerant, benefits:, - high efficiency production electricity and heat |
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine + | In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators. |
Comma-separated values + | 1. The term CSV stands for a file format. This file format is, strictly speaking, a text format. It is used to exchange structured and comma-separated values. Virtually all common programs accept the CSV file format for importing and exporting data., 2. In computing, a comma-separated values (CSV) file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text. Each line of the file is a data record. Each record consists of one or more fields, separated by commas. The use of the comma as a field separator is the source of the name for this file format. |
Compiler + | 1. A compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language), with the latter often having a binary form known as object code., 2. The translation of programs in programming, also called compilation of programs, is a systematic process that transforms any program in the input algorithmic language into some program in the object language |
Compressed Air Energy Storage + | Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is a way to store energy generated at one time for use at another time using compressed air. |